Marjorie Keniston McIntosh, A Community Transformed: The Manor and Liberty of Havering, 1500–1620 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. Peter Burke, Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe (New York: Harper and Row, 1978), pp. Ronald Hutton, The Rise and Fall of Merry England: The Ritual Year, 1400–1700 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994) see also Laroque, Shakespeare’s Festive World. Barnes, ‘County Politics and a Puritan Cause Célèbre: Somerset Churchales, 1633,’ Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Fifth Series, IX (1959), pp. Philippe Ariès, Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life (New York: Vintage Books, 1965).Ĭhristopher Hill, Society and Puritanism in Pre-Revolutionary England (London: Secker and Warburg, 1964), pp. Jean-Pierre Gutton, La sociabilité villageoise dans l’ancienne France: Solidarités et voisinages du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle (Paris: Hachettte, 1979), p. Collins, Classes, Estates, and Order in Early Modern Brittany (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 32.īronislaw Geremek, The Margins of Society in Late Medieval Paris (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. (London: University Tutorial Press, 1933), p. John Earle, Microcosmography, or, A Piece of the World Discovered in Essays and Characters, Harold Osborne, ed. Lucienne Roubin, ‘Male Space and Female Space within the Provençal Community,’ in Robert Forster and Orest Ranum, eds, Rural Society in France (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977), p. Popham, ‘The Social History of the Tavern,’ in Yedy Israel, et al., eds, Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems, Vol. 241 Pierre Mayol, ‘Les seuils de l’alcoolisme,’ in ibid., p. 52.įor other studies, see Line Bouter, ‘Femmes et Alcool,’ in Guy Caro and Jean-François Lemoine, eds, Actes de la Rencontre Internationale: Cultures, Manières de Boire et Alcoolisme (Rennes: Bretagne, Alcool et Santé, 1984), p. Sharpe, Crime in Seventeenth-Century England: A County Study (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), p.

This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.Ĭited in James A.

These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. The privatization of women that has been associated with the development of the modern family also applied to their consumption of alcoholic beverages women drank by themselves, with other women, or with their families but usually in private and seldom in the public space of taverns and bars. 3 Men fled feminine control by taking refuge with their fellow escapees in pubs, bars, taverns, cabarets, and cafés. As noted by Dimitra Gefou-Madianou, the insecurity of men in households and with feminine company led them to seek male solidarity in drinking establishments. The English pub, the French tavern, and the Greek café have been centers of male drinking rituals that have excluded females. 2 Studies of modern drinking behavior have emphasized the masculine exclusiveness of such fellowship and friendship. Richard Allestree listed the main reasons for drinking in The Whole Duty of Man, published in 1678 at the top of his list were good fellowship and the preservation of friendship. 1 Drinking was a gregarious and sociable pastime in traditional Europe. ‘The adulterer and usurer desire to enjoy their sin alone, but the chiefest pastime of a drunkard is to heat and overcome others with wine that he may discover their nakedness and glory in their foil and folly.’ This was how, in his sermon ‘Woe to Drunkards’ dated 1622, Samuel Ward explained the propensity of drinkers to drink together.

Medieval tavern keeper